A chegada do verão vem, para muitos, com as sonhadas férias na praia e descanso à beira mar. Todo o relaxamento, no entanto, não pode significar desatenção com a saúde. Com o aumento da incidência solar natural da época, os cuidados com a pele precisam ser redobrados, já que a exposição ao sol aumenta os riscos do câncer de pele.
Os últimos dados divulgados pelo Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) apontam que, até o final de 2019, mais de 171 mil pessoas terão sido diagnosticadas com a doença. O número diz respeito a dois tipos de câncer: o câncer de pele não melanoma e o câncer de pele melanoma, somados.
O mais comum deles, o não melanoma, é responsável pela maior parcela de casos, superando a marca de 165 mil novos diagnósticos ao ano, mas possui altos índices de cura quando é detectado e tratado precocemente. Já o câncer de pele melanoma, menos incidente, mas com alto grau de letalidade, pode aparecer em qualquer parte do corpo, sendo subdividido em cutâneo (em geral na pele), acral (palma da mão, sola do pé e debaixo das unhas), uveal (olhos) e de mucosa (caso de boca, intestino, reto e qualquer outra mucosa do corpo).
Destes, o cutâneo é o mais frequente e o que tem a exposição solar como principal fator de risco, aparecendo tanto em regiões foto-expostas (ante-braço, colo, face, pernas, dentre outros) ou regiões que geralmente são protegidas do sol.
Apesar de corresponder somente a 3% dos tumores malignos de pele registrados no país, o melanoma é considerado o tipo mais grave por sua capacidade de causar metástase. No Brasil, dos cerca de 7 mil casos registrados por ano, foram quase 1.800 mortes relacionadas à doença.
É necessário ficar alerta ao surgimento de alguma pinta nova ou mudança no aspecto de alguma pinta pré-existente, como aumento de tamanho, variação de cor, perda da definição de bordas ou ainda quando as bordas ficam irregulares ou até mesmo sangramentos. Ao primeiro sinal de mudança, é preciso consultar logo um especialista.
Os fatores que aumentam o risco são basicamente os mesmos: a exposição prolongada e repetida ao sol, sem uso de proteção adequada.
Ter a pele e olhos claros, com cabelos ruivos ou loiros, ou ser albino (ou possuir histórico familiar) também figuram como fatores que contribuem para o aumentos no risco.
Portadores de alguma imunossupressão também podem ter seu risco aumentado. Porém, tais grupos de risco não invalidam a necessidade de cuidado em todo o tipo de pele. Inclusive, a pele negra, quando há desenvolvimento de melanoma, têm geralmente pior prognóstico.
O protetor solar é a melhor forma de proteção. Ele deve ser aplicado a cada duas horas e repassado, principalmente, após o contato da pele com a água. Proteger bebês e crianças é especialmente importante. Antes dos 6 meses de idade, eles devem ser mantidos fora do sol usando roupas, chapéus, cobertores e persianas. Após os 6 meses, adicione protetor solar à mistura, após consultar o pediatra. E não se esqueça dos óculos de sol para crianças pequenas.
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