Rastreamento do câncer de mama

A mamografia de rastreamento – exame de rotina em mulheres sem sinais e sintomas de câncer de mama – é recomendada na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos, a cada dois anos. Fora dessa faixa etária e dessa periodicidade, os riscos aumentam e existe maior incerteza sobre benefícios.

•    A mamografia permite identificar melhor as lesões mamárias em mulheres após a menopausa. Antes desse período, as mamas são mais densas e a sensibilidade da mamografia é reduzida, gerando maior número de resultados falso-negativos (resultado negativo para câncer em pacientes com câncer) e também de falsos-positivos (resultado positivo para câncer em pacientes sem câncer), o que gera exposição desnecessária à radiação e a necessidade de realização de mais exames.

•    O Ministério da Saúde recomenda contra o rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres com menos de 50 anos (recomendação contrária forte: os possíveis danos claramente superam os possíveis benefícios). Por isso, também as principais diretrizes e programas de rastreamento do mundo não recomendam o rastreamento de mulheres abaixo desta idade.

•    O rastreamento com mamografia, mesmo na faixa etária recomendada, implica em riscos que precisam ser conhecidos pelas mulheres. Além dos resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos, o rastreamento pode identificar cânceres de comportamento indolente, que não ameaçariam a vida da mulher e que acabam sendo tratados (sobrediagnóstico e sobretratamento), expondo-a a riscos e danos associados. As mulheres devem ser orientadas sobre riscos e benefícios do rastreamento mamográfico para que possam, em conjunto com o médico, decidir sobre a realização dos exames de rotina e exercer sua autonomia. 

•    A avaliação das Diretrizes para a Detecção Precoce do Câncer de Mama no Brasil é de que, na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos e com periodicidade bienal, os possíveis benefícios do rastreamento superam seus riscos. 

•    Atualmente não se recomenda o autoexame das mamas como técnica a ser ensinada às mulheres para rastreamento do câncer de mama. Grandes estudos sobre o tema demonstraram baixa efetividade e possíveis danos associados a essa prática. Entretanto, a postura atenta das mulheres no conhecimento do seu corpo e no reconhecimento de alterações suspeitas para procura de um serviço de saúde o mais cedo possível – estratégia de conscientização – permanece sendo importante para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama. A mulher deve ser estimulada a conhecer o que é normal em suas mamas e a perceber alterações suspeitas de câncer, por meio da observação e palpação ocasionais de suas mamas, em situações do cotidiano, sem periodicidade e técnica padronizadas como acontecia com o método de autoexame.

•    A superação das barreiras para redução da mortalidade por câncer de mama no Brasil envolve não apenas o acesso à mamografia de rastreamento, mas controle de fatores de risco conhecidos e, sobretudo, a estruturação da rede assistencial para rápida e oportuna investigação diagnóstica e acesso ao tratamento de qualidade.

•    Esforços nesse sentido estão sendo feitos e dependem do fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde para garantia de acesso à saúde pública de qualidade ao conjunto da população brasileira. 

Fonte: Diretrizes para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil

21 comentários em “Rastreamento do câncer de mama”

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