O Brasil figura, em 2018, na segunda faixa mais alta de incidência de câncer de mama entre os todos os países com uma taxa de 62,9 casos por 100 mil mulheres (taxa padrão utilizada mundialmente). Os países são agrupados em cinco faixas.
Quanto à taxa de mortalidade de câncer de mama, o Brasil está situado na segunda faixa mais baixa com uma taxa de 13 por 100 mil, ao lado de países desenvolvidos como EUA, Canadá e Austrália, e melhor de que alguns deles, como a França e o Reino Unido.
Um dos desafios é a redução das desigualdades entre as regiões e classes sociais. A mortalidade por câncer de mama está ligada principalmente ao acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento adequado no tempo oportuno. O objetivo é diagnosticar o câncer o mais precocemente possível, ainda nos estágios iniciais da doença, quando o tratamento é mais efetivo. Ano a ano, o Brasil vem conseguindo aumentar o percentual de casos diagnosticados nos estágios in situ e I de 17,3% em 2000 para 27,6% em 2015. Mas essa proporção continua muita baixa na região Norte (12,7%), em contraste com as regiões Sul (29,2%) e Sudeste (30,8%).
A desigualdade regional e social também se evidencia no acesso ao exame de mamografia de rastreamento, que deve ser realizado a cada dois anos por todas as mulheres na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos. O percentual de mulheres brasileiras nessa faixa que fizeram o exame em 2013, de acordo com a última Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, foi de 60%, mas de apenas 38,7% na região Norte e 47,9% no Nordeste, bem abaixo das regiões Sul (64,5%) e Sudeste (67,9%).
Por nível de instrução, o índice médio de mulheres brasileiras com nível superior nesse faixa etária que realizou uma mamografia foi de 80%, mas de 50% entre as mulheres sem instrução e fundamental incompleto.
Segundo o INCA, são estimados 59.700 casos novos de câncer de mama em 2019.
O desafio da obesidade
Entre os fatores que aumentam o risco de desenvolvimento do câncer de mama, alguns podem ser evitados e outros não. O envelhecimento, histórico familiar da doença e mutações genéticas herdadas são fatores que não podem ser evitados pela mulher.
Quanto à exposição das mamas à radiação ionizante, outro fator de risco, é possível reduzi-lo ao não se realizar exames desnecessários. Em alguns casos, como nas sessões de radioterapia relacionada ao tratamento de um outro câncer, a exposição à radiação é inevitável.
Três dos fatores de risco evitáveis estão ligados a estilo de vida: estar acima do peso, levar uma vida sedentária e tomar mais do que uma dose de bebida alcoólica por dia. Outro fator de risco evitável é o uso de hormônios após a menopausa, opção que deve ser descartada pela mulher.
Os especialistas do INCA estão particularmente preocupados com o excesso de peso corporal e o sedentarismo, fatores de risco não só para mama, como também para vários outros tipos de câncer e outras doenças. Segundo a pesquisa Vigitel 2018, realizada nas capitais brasileiras e DF, 53,9% das mulheres estão com excesso de peso e 20,7% estão obesas, proporções que cresceram muito neste século. A recomendação é que todos se exercitem regularmente durante uma média de 3 a 4 horas por semana e adotem uma dieta saudável, de acordo com o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, que pode ser obtido em http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf
Rede de solidariedade
Cabe às instituições envolvidas com o cuidado do câncer de mama e à sociedade brasileira unirem esforços para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas e regionais de acesso a informações de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento do câncer de mama.
Profissionais de saúde e mulheres devem conhecer os sinais e sintomas de alerta para o câncer de mama e o sistema de saúde deve estar preparado para priorizar os casos suspeitos e fornecer investigação diagnóstica no tempo adequado.
As informações sobre riscos e possíveis benefícios dos exames de rotina devem ser amplamente divulgadas para toda a sociedade. As mulheres na faixa de 50 a 69 anos devem realizar mamografias de rotina uma vez a cada dois anos. É importante também que os profissionais estejam atualizados em relação às condutas relacionadas aos laudos da mamografia.
Amigos, vizinhos, colegas de trabalho, grupos religiosos, ONGs etc., todos podem, e devem, contribuir no apoio a pacientes e familiares de todas as formas possíveis, por exemplo, na multiplicação de informações corretas e encorajando a busca pelos serviços de saúde.
Campanha
O INCA e o Ministério da Saúde lançaram a campanha Outubro Rosa 2019, que reforça três pilares estratégicos no controle da doença: prevenção primária, diagnóstico precoce e mamografia A campanha, que inclui cartazes, folders, banners e cards para impressão e utilização nas redes sociais, foi criada para divulgação não apenas em outubro, mas sim ao longo do ano inteiro, porque o cuidado com as mamas deve ser uma preocupação permanente. O mote da campanha é “Cada corpo tem uma história. O cuidado com as mamas faz parte dela”. Para mais informações, acesse www.inca.gov.br.
INCA
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Aparatos de balanceo: clave para el funcionamiento estable y productivo de las equipos.
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Para los profesionales en mantenimiento de aparatos y los especialistas, trabajar con equipos de ajuste es crucial para proteger el desempeño estable y seguro de cualquier dispositivo móvil. Gracias a estas alternativas innovadoras modernas, es posible minimizar significativamente las oscilaciones, el zumbido y la esfuerzo sobre los soportes, prolongando la duración de elementos valiosos.
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Whatever the explanations, most seafaring cultures have sea monster myths or folktales. For example, Scylla and Charybdis — dangerous creatures made well-known in Homer’s “Odyssey” — might have been primarily based on actual seafaring dangers that sailors faced within the Straits of Messina. But admitting the likelihood that we have not seen all that nature has up her watery sleeve isn’t the identical as conceding the existence of creatures that defy the laws of physics, chemistry and biology. Some of them want to have greater than 2 youngsters. 1892 ebook by professor A. C. Oudemans, describes greater than 200 experiences of unknown sea creatures. Equally, different fabled sea monsters could simply be fish tales — misremembered or embellished tales of real encounters, either with residing creatures at sea or badly deformed and bloated corpses washed up on shore. However does that mean that there’s no room within the scientific imagination for real sea monsters?
On a smaller scale, sea monsters might assume the form of harmful, typically enthralling, mer-humans or animals. Different deities, like the Greek sea god Poseidon, used monsters of the deep to go to their wrath upon mortal fleets and coastal cities. We know, too, that some creatures that resemble sea monsters, such an enormous squid and oarfish, spend most of their lives in deep or deep-ish waters, entering the shallows or washing ashore only when sick or dying. And then there’s the oarfish, a long, eel-like fish with a purple, bristly head crest and long, spiny dorsal fin. The creature — which is named after the Latin word for whale but is often depicted as having paws, a doglike head and a curling fish tail — rampaged via the kingdom until the royal couple offered the daughter, Andromeda, as a sacrifice. Myths and religions also named particular sea monsters. Sailors may need seen sea serpents in porpoises swimming in a rippling line, in massive masses of seaweed or in 30- to 46-foot (9- to 14-meter) basking shark.
After scenes that foreshadowed the Xianfeng interval (1853), with tons of of individuals executed for forgery, the large Qian Yuan coins have been devalued to 30 cash. Its snout was lengthy and sharp, and it blew water nearly like a whale; it has large broad paws; its body was covered with scales; its pores and skin was tough and uneven; in other respects it was as a serpent; and when it dived, its tail, which was raised in the air, appeared to chnlove.com be a complete ship’s size from its body. Legend says it measured greater than 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers) throughout and sported arms the size of ship’s masts. Furthermore, it may well hardly be coincidental that, the more we all know about the ocean and its inhabitants, the much less common sea monster sightings change into. The open ocean is a terrifying, humbling place, and ancient sailors confronted a tenuous existence; it was natural to imagine what threats or treasures would possibly dwell, unseen, beneath the floor. American Museum of Natural History. On the other hand, in Native American stories, the enormous water creatures known as unktehila represent the world’s evils and should be defeated by the Wakinyan, or Thunder Beings. On the one hand, we still uncover unusual new sea fauna over time, and by some estimates as a lot as 95 percent of the ocean’s lowest depths remain unexplored.
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