Câncer de mama metastático

O câncer de mama metastático acontece quando o tumor se espalha para outros órgãos do corpo, como ossos, pulmão, fígado e cérebro. Cerca de 30% dos casos de câncer de mama mesmo detectados no início se tornam metastáticos. A doença pode voltar em outras partes do corpo depois de meses ou anos do primeiro diagnóstico. Leia mais para saber quais são os fatores de risco, sintomas e tratamentos para câncer de mama metastático.

Apesar de não haver nenhuma causa comprovada, há alguns fatores de risco do câncer de mama metastático, veja quais são:

Excesso de linfonodos – são pequenas glândulas que funcionam como filtros para substâncias nocivas do nosso organismo. Mas, quando estão em excesso ou inchadas, indicam que há um problema de saúde, como infecção, lesão ou câncer.

Estágio do primeiro tumor – quando o primeiro tumor é descoberto tardiamente, há mais chances do câncer se tornar metastático.

Normalmente, não há sinais e sintomas do câncer de mama metastático. Porém, quando aparecem, variam de acordo com o tamanho e a localização da metástase. Veja, abaixo, alguns sinais e sintomas de acordo com o órgão atingido:

  • Ossos – dor repentina e fraturas ósseas;
  • Pulmão – dor, falta de ar e tosse persistente;
  • Fígado – inchaço abdominal, fadiga, fraqueza, perda de peso ou falta de apetite e icterícia (pele amarelada);
  • Cérebro – dores de cabeça, convulsões, alterações na fala ou visão e problemas de memória.

Se você tiver um ou mais dos sinais e sintomas listados acima, não significa que você tenha câncer de mama metastático. Converse com o médico para que ele faça o diagnóstico e indique o melhor tratamento para o seu caso.

DIAGNÓSTICO DO CÂNCER DE MAMA METASTÁTICO

Para ajudar no diagnóstico do câncer de mama metastático, o médico pode pedir alguns exames, veja quais são:

  • Raio-X; 
  • Exame ósseo (cintilografia óssea); 
  • Ultrassom do fígado; 
  • Tomografia computadorizada; 
  • Tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET Scan);
  • Ressonância magnética; 
  • Exames de sangue.

Se algo anormal for identificado, o médico pode pedir exames mais específicos para analisar os locais com suspeita de células cancerígenas. Os exames devem ser feitos periodicamente para acompanhar a evolução da doença e a resposta ao(s) tratamento(s).

TRATAMENTO PARA CÂNCER DE MAMA METASTÁTICO

O objetivo do tratamento para câncer de mama metastático é aliviar os sintomas da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Veja quais são os tipos de tratamento disponíveis:

Cirurgia – é indicada quando os tumores são pequenos, a doença atingiu poucos lugares, para prevenir fraturas de ossos, bloquear células cancerígenas no fígado e aliviar dores ou outros sintomas.

Hormonoterapia – a maioria dos tumores na mama tem células que se ligam ao estrogênio, hormônio feminino, o que ajuda elas a crescerem. O tratamento impede esta ligação, o que evita o crescimento do câncer. 

Quimioterapia – destrói ou enfraquece as células cancerígenas com substâncias injetadas ou tomadas por via oral. 

Radioterapia – uma máquina emite radiação na área atingida pela doença. É indicada para controlar o crescimento do câncer em áreas específicas, como os ossos, aliviar a dor, melhorar a respiração e diminuir o risco de fraturas em ossos enfraquecidos pelo câncer. Também pode ser feita quando o câncer aumenta a pressão em um nervo comprimido.

Terapias direcionadas – medicamentos que atuam nas características específicas das células cancerígenas, como uma proteína que permite o crescimento delas de forma rápida ou anormal. Diferente da quimioterapia, o tratamento não afeta as células saudáveis.

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